Glyceryl caprylate (1) is the monoester of glycerol and caprylic acid. It acts as a nourishing component, but also as an emulsifier(1).

Glyceryl glucoside is a moisturizing ingredient formed by the condensation of glycerin and glucose. In skincare, it is primarily used in products for dry, dehydrated, or compromised skin, as it can improve skin hydration and strengthen the skin barrier. (1)

In addition to its function as a humectant, recent studies suggest that glyceryl glucoside may promote the expression of aquaporin-3 (AQP3) in keratinocytes. AQP3 is an important water and glycerin channel in the epidermis. By rebalancing this channel, glyceryl glucoside can help regulate water distribution in the skin, reduce transepidermal water loss, and thus support the skin’s hydration and barrier function. (2,3)

Glyceryl oleate is produced by esterifying oleic acid with glycerin and acts as an emulsifier and stabilizer. In cleansing products, it acts as a moisturizing ingredient that can even strengthen the natural lipid layer and smooth the skin.

Glyceryl stearate (1) is the monoester of glycerine and stearic acid. It acts as a nourishing component, but also as an emulsifier.

Glyceryl Stearate Citrate is an emulsifier that also serves as an emollient and skin care agent. It is synthesized from glycerin and stearic acid. It is used in skin care to improve skin moisture and barrier function and reduce irritation.

Together with superoxide dismutase and hydrolyzed rice protein, glycine soy protein was shown in an in vivo study to improve skin texture and, in vitro, to improve capillary blood flow and stimulate fibroblast proliferation.(1)

Glycolic acid, also known as glycolic acid, is one of the most effective alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) and is often used in cosmetics due to its versatile properties. This acid can improve skin hydration, increase skin thickness and reduce the appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. Glycolic acid is also very effective in the treatment of hyperpigmentation and acne(1-4).

Haematococcus pluvialis is a green microalga that is a source of valuable bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin and other carotenoids, as well as proteins and fatty acids.(1)

Astaxanthin is found in a wide variety of organisms, from tiny microorganisms to higher plants and animals. It is particularly known for its pronounced antioxidant effect, which enables it to effectively combat free radicals(2-3).

Due to its unique chemical structure, astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant properties. It has the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause cell damage. This protective mechanism helps prevent premature aging and various health problems. (2-3) Astaxanthin is considered "the most powerful antioxidant known" worldwide.(4) Its antioxidant effect through the protection of cell membranes is considered to be 65 times stronger than that of vitamin C and 50 times stronger than vitamin E. In addition, astaxanthin is considered to be the carotenoid with the strongest antioxidant effect.(5) Research suggests that astaxanthin may be beneficial in immune and inflammatory diseases. Due to its diverse functions in skin biology, astaxanthin is already used in dermatology.(6) A particular advantage of astaxanthin is that it contains both hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (fat-loving) components. This enables astaxanthin to penetrate the double layer of the skin more effectively and act in multiple ways, compared to other antioxidants. (7)